Kelly, Thomas M. Baigent, Michael. Ross, Stephen, and Eric Peselow. Santucci, Karen. Co-Occurring: Mental Health and Substance Abuse — Advice and help for individuals with co-occurring disorders and their loved ones. Mental Health America. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Substance Use Disorders — The relationship between anxiety and substance use.
Child Mind Institute. In the U. Australia: Call the Sane Helpline at India: Call the Vandrevala Foundation Helpline at Worldwide: Dual Recovery Anonymous offers step meetings in various countries for people who are chemically dependent and also affected by a mental health disorder. This holiday season alone, millions of people will turn to HelpGuide for free mental health guidance and support.
So many people rely on us in their most difficult moments. Can we rely on you? All gifts made before December 31 will be doubled. Cookie Policy. The link between substance abuse and mental health When you have both a substance abuse problem and a mental health issue such as depression, bipolar disorder, or anxiety, it is called a co-occurring disorder or dual diagnosis. According to reports published in the Journal of the American Medical Association : Roughly 50 percent of individuals with severe mental disorders are affected by substance abuse.
Of all people diagnosed as mentally ill, 29 percent abuse alcohol or drugs. What comes first: Substance abuse or the mental health problem? Also: Alcohol and drugs are often used to self-medicate the symptoms of mental health problems.
Recognizing a dual diagnosis It can be difficult to identify a dual diagnosis. However, there are some general warning signs that you may have a co-occurring disorder: Do you use alcohol or drugs to cope with unpleasant memories or feelings, to control pain or the intensity of your moods, to face situations that frighten you, or to stay focused on tasks?
Have you noticed a relationship between your substance use and your mental health? For example, do you get depressed when you drink? Has someone in your family grappled with either a mental disorder or alcohol or drug abuse? Have you previously been treated for either your addiction or your mental health problem?
Did the substance abuse treatment fail because of complications from your mental health issue or vice versa? Dual diagnosis and denial Denial is common in both substance abuse and mental health issues.
This should be done confidentially, without judgement or any negative consequences. People feel free to discuss these issues when the discussion is confidential and not tied to legal consequences.
Learn more about alcohol and drugs , such as how they interact with mental illness and medication. Become employed and find other services that may help the process of recovery. Identify and develop your personal recovery goals. If you decide that your use of alcohol or drugs may be a problem, a counselor trained in dual diagnosis treatment can help you work on your specific recovery goals for both illnesses.
Experience counseling specifically designed for people with dual diagnosis. This can be done individually, in a group of peers, with your family, or a combination of all these.
Get more help. Helplines and support groups Helplines In the U. As with single-substance use disorders, the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid substance use disorders and mental illness are complex.
The use of multiple substances can further complicate diagnosis and treatment. National Institutes of Health. Drug Topics. Drug traffickers along the Northern line, usually organized in smaller groups of up to 10 people, are mainly Afghans. At the same time, opiates abuse has skyrocketed in Afghanistan, with some reports stating that many addicts are returning refugees who had developed their drug habits while residing in Iran. Approximately 35 per cent of male and 25 per cent of female drug abusers in Afghanistan first abused opium as refugees outside of Afghanistan, particularly in the Islamic Republic of Iran and in refugee camps in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
The Board also notes that evidence suggests a high risk of transmission of HIV among persons who abuse drugs by injection in Afghanistan, particularly among refugees returning from the Islamic Republic of Iran who abuse drugs by injection.
The weakening of border controls and the breakdown of the security infrastructure of Iraq following the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in created a fertile environment for smuggling. The influx of drugs into Iraq has contributed to a rising incidence of addiction among Iraqis and has opened up an additional pathway to the European market.
Sometimes disguised as pilgrims, they have set up operations in the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, smuggling opiates into and through Jordan. As mentioned earlier, Iran is a major destination, not just a corridor for illicit opiates. Though estimates of drug abuse and addiction in Iran vary, the statistics most often cited are nonetheless stunning.
A Rapid Situation Assessment RSA of 10 urban centers conducted in reported a sharp increase in the availability of heroin, in heroin dependency, and in injecting drug use. Studies describing HIV risk in Iran, though relatively few in number, all point to injecting drug use as the main transmission mode for contracting the disease; moreover, they indicate that the number of injecting drug users appears to be climbing.
Emran Razzighi et al. Criminal violence e. In the first nine months of Iranian officials made public the dubious accomplishment of , drug-related arrests. Narcotics-related arrests in Iran during the first nine months of were running at an annual rate of almost ,, which is a typical level for the last several years.
Twice as many drug abusers were detained as drug traffickers. Iran has executed more than 10, narcotics traffickers in the last two decades. Iran has been at the forefront of efforts by the international community to combat the Afghan drug trade.
In , the United States removed Iran from its list of drug-producing countries. As Iran strives to achieve this goal, it certainly also prevents drugs from reaching markets in the West. At the national level, the main policymaking body responsible for planning and monitoring different aspects of the counter-narcotics campaign is the Drug Control Headquarters DCH , which was established in The DCH coordinates the drug-related activities of the police the leading enforcement unit in terms of drug seizures , the customs officers, the IRGC contingent, and the Ministries of Intelligence, Security, Islamic Guidance and Education, and Health.
Iran has also put in place a rudimentary counter-drug institutional network at the provincial and local levels. In , acting on an order by the Expediency Council, the Mohammad Rasulollah Central Headquarters and three tactical headquarters of Salman, Meqdad, and Abuzar were established in the eastern part of the country. As previously mentioned, upon taking power, the revolutionary leadership declared the use of all intoxicants to be illegal.
In keeping with the anti-Western tenor of the revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini declared that the distribution of heroin was a US-inspired conspiracy. But, as will be shown, both the interpretation and the application of drug-related laws in Iran have changed.
Over the years, Iran has taken a number of steps to staunch the inflow of drugs from the east. The Iranian government has deployed more firepower to the periphery in order to reinforce local and provincial law enforcement officers.
Beginning in the mids, Iranian security forces stationed an estimated 30, men along the eastern border. In , Iran also created village-level Basij units, whose activities since then have broadened from defending villages to conducting offensive counter-narcotics operations. According to Iranian officials, security forces confiscated nearly tons of drugs and arrested more than traffickers between March and March Over the past decade, a paradigm shift in Iranian counter-drug policies has been under way, marked by greater official acceptance of, and support for, demand and harm reduction interventions.
Demand reduction encompasses a variety of measures that range from advocating the non-use of drugs, to treating individuals with problematic drug use and facilitating their reintegration in the community. By the late s, Iranian authorities had begun to recognize the gravity of the HIV threat to the country. Springing from this realization were efforts, relatively uncoordinated at first, to raise public awareness about HIV.
Importantly, the members of these bodies encompassed official and non-governmental organizations — ranging from the Ministry of Health, the Drug Control Headquarters, the national police, Iranian television, and the prison and welfare authorities to the research and academic institutions. Paimaneh Hastaei declared:. In an attempt to strike a balance between prevention, treatment and law enforcement activities, the Islamic Republic of Iran has assumed that demand reduction is as important as supply reduction; special attention is paid to the creation of effective prevention programs targeted at youth and high-risk groups.
Support for demand and harm reduction interventions among senior Iranian officials has been building, albeit very gradually. Beginning in the early s, Iranian authorities introduced treatment regimes that range from abstinence-only to detoxification.
In , medical intervention for drug abuse became legal and explicit. Opioid agonists 53 were used furtively in private clinics at first, and made officially available for detoxification programs only in Subsequent attempts have been made to improve pharmacological treatment and to introduce psychotherapeutic interventions for drug dependent persons. The rise in the HIV infection rate, especially among intravenous drug users, catalyzed the shift in official attitudes towards a more favorable view of demand and harm reduction approaches.
Razzaghi et al. Commonly abused drugs. Misuse of prescription drugs. Lessons from prevention research. Treatment approaches for drug addiction.
Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide third edition. Ventura AS, et al. To improve substance use disorder prevention, treatment and recovery: Engage the family.
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Thiels CA, et al. Wide variation and overprescription of opioids after elective surgery. Annals of Surgery. Evzio prescribing information.
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